MQP Markiting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MQP Markiting - Assignment Example Following the vision and mission is the present market condition of Buxton, based on which are the marketing strategies and tactics. These marketing strategies will depend upon the current demand, rivals in the market, present customer perception and current market share. Vision and mission of Buxton water Buxton water aims to establish its natural spring water as an item which carries the same daily importance as bread and milk. Seen earlier as a premium product, bottled water should now be included in normal diet and water intake of people. Hygiene, purity and health should not be compromised with even abundant things like water. Present market condition Presently, Buxton water is sold under the brand name of Nestle which is renowned for its eatables and beverages. However, bottled water is something which still needs to be known to a majority of population who consider it as a luxury item. Especially in UK, masses are unaware of healthy hydration and rely on tap water. Buxton is c ontinuously rising as a brand in UK but this is the time when it has to establish its name and brand to do away with initial competition. ... Sporting events are the biggest demanders of bottled water where long term contracts are signed with renowned bottled water companies. Health of sportsmen and officials is of utmost importance and no compromises are done even with the water brand. Buxton water can encash this opportunity by sponsoring various sports events and tournaments (ECB n.d). Generally it is found that sportsmen are the idols of millions and people try to imitate the lifestyle, habits and even brands which these sports personalities use. If popular stars are using Buxton water, it will automatically spread the message of healthy hydration and benefits which Buxton garners. With the support of sports stars, Buxton can also organize its own events in which consumers can participate. It will allow interactive sessions between the company and the consumers, bringing them closer to the brand and associating themselves more closely with the message of healthy hydration. Details of sponsored events can also be given on the packaging to add value and awareness of company’s strategies. Packaging Packaging serves as a ‘silent salesman’ in the field of marketing because apart from differentiating the brand from that of its competitors, packaging also carries advertising appeal and convincing power. For products like groceries, bottled water and other eatables, packaging is essential to convey healthy diet messages and benefits of the product to the consumers. Buxton water attaches greater significance to healthy hydration and Corporate Social Responsibility drive in which packaging will promote strategy of Buxton water. To incorporate packaging principles, Buxton water should go

Cuba and China Essay Example for Free

Cuba and China Essay Democracy, or the power of people, is rather old form of rule. While the word â€Å"democracy† originated in the Ancient Greece in 5th century BC, this form of rule had existed even before this, found in ancient India republics before 6th century BC. However, it was the city-state of Athens in the Ancient Greece that presented this word in the sense which resembles, in some features, the modern vision of democracy. In Athens, people had the right to vote, to take the most important decisions, influencing the political situation of their state. Of course, not all the population could vote – women and children could not vote as well as disabled people. In fact, only one forth or one sixth of the citizens of Athens could vote and participate in a political life of their state. However, it was the first form of democracy and it had many aspects in common with today’s notion of democracy. For example, all the citizens of Athens, poor or rich, powerful or powerless, had the right to vote, they were equal in this right. The democracy, in the form in which it existed in Athens and in the Ancient Greece, was not preserved until our time. Moreover, great changes took place in Europe in 18-19th centuries, in the form of revolutions. The right to vote and to participate in the political life of a state directly is not the main factor characterizing democracy in the modern world. Democracy in the modern sense includes such basic postulates as the basic freedoms: of speech, of expression, of the press, of association et cetera. The democracy in the western world is much more associated with the notion of free market and free trade. However, these preconditions are not exactly true for some countries, for example for China, where free market and free trade can coexist with the lack of democracy, where there are no basic freedoms (for example, the freedom of association – the assembly of Falun Gong in China was violently dispersed by police and banished for practicing in China). Cuba which has made some steps toward the free market economy, opening some part of its economy for the US dollars, does allow the internationally recognized organization of the Red Cross to its prisons, where political prisoners are kept in big numbers. The rule of Communist Party as the only party in the country is observed both in Cuba and in China. And this excludes another characteristic feature of democracy – pluralism, the possibility of many political parties to take part in the political life of the state. Before we proceed to explain the lack of democracy in Cuba and China, it is necessary to understand what democracy means and why China and Cuba should become democratic. In the twentieth century, democracy has gained such popularity that most world rulers describe their rule as democratic. However, most countries were not democratic, and some even became totalitarian. Generally speaking, the term â€Å"democracy† is misused in two ways. First, democracy is expanded into a laundry list that contains almost all kinds of good things. Second, democracy is modified by adding an adjective to the term. Since Western bourgeois democracy is the prototype of modern democracy, modifications are made along two lines. Either rulers characterize their systems not as bourgeois democracies, but as â€Å"people’s democracies,† â€Å"proletarian democracies,† or â€Å"socialist democracies,† or they emphasize local characteristics of their system, such as â€Å"Burmese type of democracy† or â€Å"African type of democracy. † What is democracy? Etymologically, the term means rule by the people. Democracy originated in Athens more than 2,500 years ago, when Cleisthenes allowed all citizens of Attica to preside over the affairs of the city. Athenian democracy took the form of direct democracy. Citizens, which excluded women, slaves, and resident aliens, participated directly in making laws. Moreover, regardless of their properties and talents, rulers were selected not by ballot but by lot. Not surprisingly, virtually all famous Greek scholars were no fans of democracy, regarding tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy as corrupt forms of government. Democracy includes two forms: popular sovereignty and individual liberty. This paper defines democracy in terms of political freedom, which involves both positive and negative aspects. Positive freedom refers to a situation in which people have the ability to participate in government; negative freedom means a situation in which people are free from arbitrary interference from government. Modern democracy adheres to the dual principles of popular sovereignty and individual liberty, but has its own distinctive features. Ideal as the principle of popular sovereignty may be, it is technically impossible to let the people in a nation-state decide everything. As a result, modern democracies are representative, not participatory (or direct). The principle of popular sovereignty in modern times hinges on two major mechanisms: the separation of powers and the competitive election. While the ruled choose their rulers during an election, rulers are mutually checked and balanced before and after the election. In determining the nature of a particular political system, the competitive election is more important than the separation of powers. A division of labor is employed in any government, particularly a modern one. Despite the importance of liberalism for modern democracy, popular sovereignty precedes individual liberty. Popular sovereignty talks about the purpose of government; individual liberty comprises the notion of government. The term that means â€Å"people† has undergone great changes in terms of class, education, gender, race, and age. Besides, individual liberty is historically and culturally specific. In the twentieth century, democracy and totalitarianism are regarded as two ends of the political spectrum. To put it in terms of ideal types, a government respecting both popular sovereignty and individual liberty is democratic; a government violating them is totalitarian. Falling somewhere in between, most systems are neither democratic nor totalitarian in the strictest sense of the terms. Some may respect popular sovereignty but violate individual liberty; others may violate popular sovereignty but respect individual liberty. Today’s Islamic Republic of Iran and eighteenth-century Britain are cited as respective examples of these two types. Throughout human history, not many regimes have ever been totalitarian and most have been authoritarian. Compared with totalitarian regimes, authoritarian regimes are less willing and less able to damage people’s rights and interests. The United States of America when compared to China or Cuba, presents the example of â€Å"democratic† democracy towards which China or Cuba should strive. Because now, when we took a closer look at the notion of democracy in the modern world, we are going to analyze the kind of democratic situation and democratic changes that took place in two of the most controversial countries in the world: China and Cuba. To reach conclusions as to the qualitative aspects of Cuban politics in the post-transition era, we will examine aspects of political culture as they relate to the formation and practices of civil society in democracy. From this angle one can interpret some key dimensions of politics in particular settings. Transition to democracy (and its consolidation) depends on a multiplicity of factors, including elite decisions, institutional arrangements, pacts between competing social actors, a constitution and organizations typical of liberal democracies, a favorable moment in world history, supportive international structures, and a measure of good luck. Political and economic factors also impinge on the likelihood of democratic transitions and survival. But political and economic factors determine neither transition to democracy nor democratic stability. The impact of the economy on democracy is not automatic, unidirectional, or necessarily predictable. According to Mattiace and Camp (1996), democracy is the product of multiple causes working together. In contexts where the system confronts unresolved foundational issues and consensus is elusive – on such matters as how the political community is defined, who has authority, what the rules of the game are – political questions become an affair of the heart, lending themselves less to compromise and pragmatism. As a result, democracy tends to be endangered, particularly in places where institutional democratic norms are weak and personalism is high. This is likely to occur in Cuba after Fidel Castro (as it has before and during the socialist years). Though democracy will be established in Cuba sometime in the future, Cuban democracy will not conform to normative models of liberal democracy. Democracy in the way it is in Cuba will be characterized by features of incivility in civil society. The democracy that is most likely to emerge on the island will be far from perfect, will share striking continuities with the past, and will dash the hopes of many who dream of democracy. The cynicism about democracy also has a long genealogy in Cuban intellectual history. As far back as the nineteenth century cultural pessimists on the island have remarked on the frustration that has followed modern projects of independence, nationalism, republicanism, and democracy. Democratic aspirations have a long history on the island, as long as the trajectory of their frustration. The notion is not as alien to Cuban soil as many believe (Dealy, 1996)

Financial Management of Cadbury Limited

Financial Management of Cadbury Limited Cadbury Public Limited Company has been a large global company in the confectionary industry. The company was acquired by Kraft Foods in February 2010. Initially, the company was known as Cadbury-Schweppes Public Limited Company before the separation of its US beverage unit which is currently known as Dr Pepper Snapple Group (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 5). This process was undertaken through a demerger that took place between the two firms. In 2007, the company was able to close its factory in Keynashan. 2008 saw Cadbury Public Limited Company sold its Monkhill Confectionary for  £ 58 million. As a result, 800 employees were transferred to save them from losing their jobs. From 2009, the company started replacing its cocoa butter with palm oil (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p.4). There was no major improvement in this strategy since it was supposed to enhance taste and texture with a long term target on increased consumer demand. As all this was going on, there was a general backlash from consumers. These strategies and new business approaches were mainly being tried out in New Zealand. After things failed to materialize, the company was forced to revert back to its initial cocoa butter that had been the core of its business. The company also resolved to source for cocoa beans by using good, open and recognizable trade channels which would not be questionable. Initially, the change to palm oil had reportedly cost the company over 12 million in sales (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 7). In January 2010, Kraft Foods decided to buyout Cadbury. Kraft Foods had made an offer to take over the company for  £ 10.2 billion. This was rejected because the company considered the price as undervalued. It was not until 2010 that a consensus was reached between the companies after a hostile bid. Kraft Foods had agreed to give out  £11.5 billion for the deal. To make this successful, it had to borrow  £7 billion (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 8). In doing all this, the company had a vision of becoming a global confectionary leader. Kraft Foods decided to base itself in Pennsylvania. As a matter of fact it has a controlling stake in Cadbury chocolates in the United States. In laying more emphasis on this deal, the company had seen it as the best opportunity to increase its market access to a global market that has been increasing considerably over the recent years. This takeover had been widely criticized across all divides as they saw Cadbury as a very crucial company in Britains economy (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 4). There had been a general view that this deal was putting 30,000 jobs at risk. There was a protest on the amount of advisory fees that banks were charging in overseeing this deal. A bank owned by the government (RBS) was able to finance 84% of the deal. February 2010 saw Kraft Foods finalize the deal by securing 71% of the companys shares (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 3). It fell short of its expectations of having a 75% stake that could have made it delist Cadbury from the stock market and make it part of Kraft Foods. The company was later on able to achieve this (its targets) which led to the delisting of Cadbury from the stock market. After this, the CEO and the financial officer had to resign. Discussion Business Cadbury has an established business with operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and the United states. The United Kingdom confectionary had eight factories with a staff of 3000 employees (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). In the UK some of the products it has been producing are done so under license; like the Cadbury biscuits under the license of Burton foods. From Ireland, chocolate produced is more than  £25 million (Costello, 2009, p. 4). This has been exported bringing in a lot of earnings. Its presence in the US is responsible with the manufacture of mints and gums. The companys Cadburys have been found and sold in the country but they are manufactured by Hersheys. This Cadbury can mostly be found in Hersheys stores (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). In addition to these, the company has factories in both Australia and New Zealand. To make it more effective the company has been upgrading its manufacturing plant in Claremont. In a more broad perspective, the company has a wide range of products that it has given to the market in a bid to enhance its business. In addition to these, it has its unique brands that have helped to generate enough revenues for the company. To cater for a large market, the company has more than 50 brands with 40 of them being more than 100 years old (MacAlister, 2009, p. 10). In the year 2004 after a decline in sales, the company was engaged in a restructuring program. To strengthen its business the company has been acquiring others to increase its market presence. Investors and product Cadbury has a large brand that has always given it a strong market presence. It has a long history of confectionary brands that have always been introduced every year to ensure that the market has variety to choose from. This means that every year has seen a new taste of brands. In addition, the company has beverages that have a long history from 1783 (Costello, 2009, p. 14).On the other hand it has favourite brands like Bassets and Bourn vita amongst others. Cadbury worldwide is a brand name that has established itself well in the market. The company trades its shares in the London stock exchange market. The last time before the company was acquired; its shares were trading at  £863 (Muspratt, 2009, p. 8). Its shares have been doing well in the market because of the long term strategy that had been adopted to increase its value. By investing in the company, investors have a reason to know that their investments will grow as the company has a global presence in a wide market. Kraft Foods has a wide range of brands for the market to suit the distinct and diverse tastes and preferences. These brands are spread out in more than 155 countries that the company has a presence in (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 9). Its strong brand presence has helped to build its core business in the market. With its 50 brands, the company has been able to serve a wide market satisfactorily without any problems. This has been well done to ensure that everybody has a good taste. As a result, consumers have been more passionate about their brands. The company trades its shares in the New York stock exchange market. In addition to these, those who have invested in the company are given dividends as the company has a dividend yield of 4.0 (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 19). Those who wish to be part of the company are encouraged to do so as information regarding its performance is provided. Financial market environment This environment is responsible for an effective marketing management. The two companies have had a good history in terms of their financial performance save for a few occasions. Before the acquisition, the company (Cadbury) had started outsourcing most of its activities including marketing. Because the company has a wide global presence it has spent a lot of money in marketing activities to increase its market share. This has not been resisted at all as it has been aimed at increasing its value with investors in mind. Marketing activities have got the necessary financial support to strengthen the companys brand in the market. After acquiring Cadburys, the company (Kraft) has ensured that it engages in active marketing campaigns to strengthen its presences. The company has a wide global market that is competitive. Because of this, the management has always provided a good budget for marketing activities. This can be well demonstrated in the TV commercials that the company has been running in different countries. Since the company has a presence in more than 155 countries it has ensured that its marketing is felt in every place (MacAlister, 2009, p. 15). Marketing has been done with an aim of increasing the companys market value which has helped to increase revenues. Because the company has a large financial muscle, a sizeable amount of money has been allocated to the management to ensure that its marketing activities are felt in the market. Business strategy The two companies have had progressive growth because of good business strategies. Cadburys has had a strategy of ensuring that it has presence in different markets to reach a wide base of customers (Holson, 2000, p. 9). To ensure that its manufacturing activities are not interfered with, it has plants in different countries for uninterrupted business activities. Because of a wide market, the company has ensured that it continues being innovative in giving customers new products every now and then to suit their divergent tastes and preferences (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 4). The company has adhered to healthy and safety practices to give itself a good name in the market. From its history it can be noted that it has introduced new products every year for continuity. Kraft Foods has been involved in a lot of research to come up with new products to increase its wide range of brands. The company has over 70 brands and this has made consumers more comfortable with their wide range became of choice (Holson, 2000, p. 2). Apart from this, the company has operations in more than 155 countries and this has enabled it to reach a wide market that it can sell its products to. It has also been involved in acquisitions to give it a wider market presence that the initial companies had. These activities have been done to enhance its financial position so that it can improve on its operations well (MacAlister, 2009, p. 5). To capture the attention of the market well with an impact, the company has engaged in promotions to enlighten the public about its products. These promotions have made consumers more knowledgeable about the company and its activities. Recommendations to develop Forex strategies With Forex exposures, the company has been unprotected in different areas. Because the company has a wide market presence (global), it is exposed to economic, translation and transaction Forex exposures. It can experience problems when their foreign accounts have appreciable loss. This problem can be brought about by currency devaluation and political events in different markets. It is recommendable for the company to always hold foreign currencies for the shortest time possible before conversions to avoid such problems. The company might develop a foreign sales channel as it continues going global as part of its strategy. This implies that it will have to come up with a way of hedging against any future devaluation. It will need to use Forex futures to project the future cash flows when they are denominated into the dollar as it is the globally acceptable currency for business. The new company should invest in currency exchange traded funds. This will protect it from Forex exposures with a long term approach to enhance investors value. The company has a long term strategy of increasing the value of shareholders to encourage more investments. In cases where the company feels threatened, it can sell short of the currency exchange traded funds. In addition, the company has to enhance their operational activities to develop a good Forex strategy. This means that the company must have clearly laid down responsibilities that will be reviewed by the management regularly. It will also need to have an effective Forex trading and reporting system as it has a global presence. To enhance this, the management has to ensure that there is effective reporting, centralized tracking and good uniform accounting policies in place. Data capture will also save the company from a lot of Forex exposures. This means that the accounting practices that are being used have to be accurate in presenting reports. On the other hand, the company must ensure that its business engages in solid data capture processes. Good policies have to be put in place supported by effective personnel as a way of ensuring sustainable Forex strategies. This means that all the policies that the company will engage in must be approved by the board before they can be used anywhere else. To enhance this, employees need to be well educated and informed. Conclusion The company has good prospects ahead because it has consolidated itself as a result of integrating acquisition strategy. This means that it has a high probability of attaining a wide market reach.

Creativity and Machine Design Essay -- Technology Robots Papers

Creativity and Machine Design Robots and machines have become very prevalent within recent years. We use robots to assemble cars, explore dangerous areas, and even as servants to clean our houses. In the future, we might even see robots help in delicate complex tasks like performing surgery. Many people think that the process that goes behind designing a robot is unimaginative, involving a lot of dull equations and assembly lines. In reality, the design process can be very creative. While the process behind designing a machine is creative, it should be noted though that eventually engineers were going to design robots to perform these tasks. Leonardo Da Vinci sketched early ideas for a helicopter in the thirteenth century, which only became a reality in twentieth century. Robotic maids that can clean the house was a futuristic idea that was seen in the 1960's cartoon "The Jetsons", but the idea of having a robot vacuum the floor has only became popular in the last year or so with iRobot's Roomba. Once engineers found the way to control their machines through the use of microcontrollers and programming, the cost effectiveness and precision of machines enabled them to be used in a wide variety of tasks. Although the ideas for the next tasks for machines may not be creative, the process that goes into developing that machine is a creative process. One of the most popular vacuum cleaners at this time is iRobot's Roomba. The creative engineering behind the Roomba enables the robot to much less expensive when compared to other robotic vacuums of the same size. Most of the other robots use a complex set of sensors and integrated programming to navigate across a floor. The Roomba on the other hand uses a creative and inexpen... ...ecause the ideas of others can stifle and interfere with their own ideas, losing a potentially important idea. The first thing to do when attacking a design problem is to get all the necessary information. If this is not possible, the creative engineer will perform an experiment to find the necessary information. Bibliography Brooks, Rodney. "Artificial life: From Robot Dreams to Reality". Nature 406 (2000): 945-947. Retrieved May 10, 2004, from www.nature.com Hanson, T. F. Engineering Creativity. Newhall, CA: 1987. Osborn, Alex F. Applied Imagination. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. Sheehan, John C. "On Applied Science". The Creative Mind and Method. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1960. pp. 95-97. Singer, Irving. Feeling and Imagination: The Vibrant Flux of Our Existence. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2001.

The Southern Gothic Motif of Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird Essay

Thesis: In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the various types of outsiders and the small town of Maycomb contribute to the novel’s Southern gothic motif. All throughout the book Lee introduces us to different kinds of outsiders willing to make a change. During the Tom Robinson trial, Link Deas tells Bob Ewell, â€Å"†¦if I hear one more peep outa my girl Helen about not bein’ able to walk this road I’ll have you in jail before sundown† (334). By saying this, Mr. Deas is going against the typical Southern way of Maycomb by standing up to a white man in defense of a black woman. Also Scout says, â€Å"Aunt Alexandra was fanatical on the subject of my attire. I could not possibly hope to be a lady if I wore breeches† (108). Scout shows her diversity by refusing to wear dresses like all the other young, Southern ladies. Another example is how Mr. Dolphus Raymond was said to be a â€Å"†¦sinful man who had mixed children and didn’t care who knew it† (268). The town of Maycomb thinks that the way Mr. Raymond lives is against the way of society but he pays no mind and lives a happy life. Mayomb’s people are quite judgmental, but there are several inhabitants there that are 5not afraid to be outsiders. Maycomb is portrayed as a typical, small, Southern town where everyone knew each other and everyone had their place. â€Å"Maycomb was an old old town, but it was a tired old town when I knew it. The courthouse sagged in the square. Somehow, it was hotter then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). Scout describes her hometown as being very dull, hot, and boring the way she remembers it, which exemplifies some of the small town and southern characteristics of Maycomb. At school one day, Scout’s thoughts are that â€Å"Miss Caroline seemed unaware that the ragged denim-shirted and flour-sacked first grade, most of whom had chopped cotton and fed hogs, were immune to imaginative literature† (22). Miss Caroline is from another county so she is not accustomed to Maycomb’s small town ways as Scout here describes. At another point during the book, Scout explains that â€Å"There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (175).We learn throughout the book that inhabitants of Maycomb County classify everyone into their own groups, usually by the amount of money they have or by their race because that’s just the way their Southern town is. Lee illustrates how Maycomb is a small, Southern town through caste systems and exclusion of outsiders. Appearance Vs. Reality In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee uses the theme of appearance vs. reality to illustrate that people aren’t always the same on the inside as they are on the outside. For example. Mr. Dolphus Raymond admits to Scout, â€Å"Secretly, Miss Finch, I’m not much of a drinker, but you see they could never, never understand that I live like I do because that’s the way I want to live† (268). Even though the town may think Mr. Raymond is married to a black woman because he’s a drunk, he’s actually genuinely happy and chose his lifestyle himself. One time Scout said, â€Å"It occurred to me that in their own way, Tom Robinson’s manners were as good as Atticus’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (260). People in Maycomb believed Tom Robinson was just a nigger that raped a white girl, but if they looked deeper they would see that he’s just as courteous as the town-known lawyer, Atticus Finch. Another great example of appearance vs. reality is when Scout states, â€Å"Neighborhood opinion was unanimous that Mrs. Dubose was the meanest old woman who ever lived† (46). Everyone though Mrs. Dubose was hateful because she chose to be, but in actuality she was battling her drug addiction. People’s appearances don’t always show exactly who they are, you have to search deeper to understand a person’s true personality.

Losing the Constitution on the essays

Losing the Constitution on the essays Losing the Constitution on the Trail To most people in America in 1830 the Indians and their tribes were nothing. They were lower in stature than the black slaves on farms and in houses. But to some, they were regarded as human beings; people just like any other. People with rights. Rights given to them by their individual tribes, and by the country in which they lived, worked, and died. With the assumption that the American Indians were citizens of The United States in 1830 and after, this essay will prove that they were not only citizens of this country, but that their constitutional rights from the Bill of Rights were also violated. With first, for the sake of argument for the sake of this essay, we are assuming that the Indians were American citizens. And second, that in 1817, before he was president, Adams told then president Monroe, the Indians are subjects of the United States, inhabiting its territory and acknowledging its sovereignty, then is it not absurd for the sovereign to negotiate by treaty with the subject? In this statement Adams states that he thinks that the Indians are subjects of the United States, therefore making them citizens of the United States by progression from his statement. So if the Indians were citizens of the United States, a country formed fifty years earlier on the premise, "...that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among these the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Then which, if any of their unalienable rights, from the Bill of Rights, were violated by the actions of the government from the time of 1830 to 1840, primarily during the time leading up to and including the Trail of Tears? When looking at the Bill of Rights we find that only two really apply to this time period. Dont get me wrong, I am sure that the others more or less were als ...